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Hi,

I was wondering how a Faraday cage works. Why is that that electric fields exist outside conductors and even on the surface of conductors but the field is always perpendicular to the surface of the conductor? 

 

Also, in relation to this topic, a conductor with an excess of negative charge is in electrostatic equilibrium. Describe the field inside the conductor. What does it mean for it to be in electrostatic equilibrium. Is it just that the electrons are on the surface of the conductor? if so, wouldn't the inside of the conductor be charged positive because a lot of the negative charge is no the surface. 

 

Thank you so much for those who take the time to answer my question!

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