Tag Archives: kinetic energy
Intro to Dynamics
Newton’s 1st Law
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion, also known as the law of inertia, can be summarized as follows:
“An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion, at constant velocity and in a straight line, unless acted upon by a net force.”
This means that unless there is a net (unbalanced) force on an object, an object will continue in its current state of motion with a constant velocity. If this velocity is zero (the object is at rest), the object will continue to remain at rest. If this velocity is not zero, the object will continue to move in a straight line at the same speed. However, if a net (unbalanced) force does act on an object, that object’s velocity will be changed (it will accelerate).
This sounds like a simple concept, but it can be quite confusing because it is difficult to observe this in everyday life. We’re usually fine with understanding the first part of the law: “an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by a net force.” This is easily observable. The donut sitting on your breakfast table this morning didn’t spontaneously accelerate up into the sky. Nor did the family cat, Whiskers, lounging sleepily on the couch cushion the previous evening, all of a sudden accelerate sideways off the couch for no apparent reason.
The second part of the law contributes a considerably bigger challenge to our conceptual understandings. Realizing that “an object in motion will continue in its current state of motion with constant velocity unless acted upon by a net force” isn’t easy to observe here on Earth, making this law rather tricky. Almost all objects we observe in our everyday lives that are in motion are being acted upon by a net force – friction. Try this example: take your physics book and give it a good push along the floor. As expected, the book moves for some distance, but rather rapidly slides to a halt. An outside force, friction, has acted upon it. Therefore, from our typical observations, it would be easy to think that an object must have a force continually applied upon it to remain in motion. However, this isn’t so. If we took the same book out into the far reaches of space, away from any gravitational or frictional forces, and pushed it away from us, it would continue moving in a straight line at a constant velocity forever and ever, as there are no external forces to change its motion. When the net force on an object is 0, we say the object is in “static equilibrium.” We’ll revisit static equilibrium when we talk about Newton’s 2nd Law.
Inertia
The tendency of an object to resist a change in velocity is known as the object’s inertia. For example, a train has significantly more inertia than a skateboard. It is much harder to change the train’s velocity than it is the skateboard’s. The measure of an object’s inertia is its mass. For the purposes of this course, inertia and mass mean the same thing – they are synonymous.
And if you recall from the kinematics unit, a change in velocity is known as an acceleration. Therefore, the second part of this law could be re-written to state that an object acted upon by a net force will be accelerated. A more detailed description of this acceleration is given by Newton’s 2nd Law.
Forces
But, what exactly is a force? A force is a vector quantity describing the push or a pull on an object. Forces are measured in Newtons (N), named after Sir Isaac Newton, of course. A Newton is not a base unit, but is instead a derived unit, equivalent to 1 kg×m/s2. Interestingly, the gravitational force on a medium-sized apple is approximately 1 Newton.
We can break forces down into two basic types: contact forces and field forces. Contact forces occur when objects touch each other. Examples of contact forces include pushing a crate (applied force), pulling a wagon with a rope (tension force), a frictional force slowing down your sled, or even the force of air accelerating a spitwad through a straw. Field forces, also known as non-contact forces, occur at a distance. Examples of field forces include the gravitational force, the magnetic force, and the electrical force between two charged objects.
So, what then is a net force? A net force is just the vector sum of all the forces acting on an object. Imagine you and your sister are fighting over the last piece of licorice. You are pulling one end of the licorice toward you with a force of 5N. Your sister is pulling the other end toward her (in the opposite direction) with a force of 5N. The net force on the licorice, then, would be 0N, therefore there would be no net force. As it turns out, though, you have a passion for licorice, and now increase your pulling force to 6N. The net force on the licorice now is 1N in your direction, therefore the licorice would begin to accelerate toward you (yippee!) If it’s starting to sound complicated, it can be difficult to keep track of all the forces acting on an object just by writing those forces in words.
Free Body Diagrams
Fortunately, we have a terrific tool for helping us to analyze the forces acting upon objects. This tool is known as a free body diagram. Quite simply, a free body diagram is just a representation of a single object, or system, with vector arrows showing all the external forces acting on the object. These diagrams make it very easy to identify exactly what the net force is on an object, and they’re also quite simple to create:
- Isolate the object of interest. Draw the object as a point particle representing the same mass.
- Sketch and label each of the external forces acting on the object.
- Choose a coordinate system, with the direction of motion as one of the positive coordinate axes.
- If all forces do not line up with your axes, resolve those forces into componentsusing trigonometry.
- Redraw your free body diagram, replacing forces that don’t overlap the coordinates axes with their components.
As an example, let’s picture the example of an ice cream sundae, with whipped cream and chocolate sprinkles, sitting on the dining room table. We can represent our object (the ice cream sundae) in the diagram as a single dot. Then, we represent each of the vector forces acting on the sundae by drawing arrows and labeling them. In this case, we can start by recognizing the force of gravity on the sundae, known as the sundae’s weight. Although we could label this force as Fgrav, or W, we’ll get in the habit right now of writing the force of gravity on an object as mg. We can do this because the force of gravity on an object is equal to the object’s mass times the acceleration due to gravity, g.
Of course, since the sundae isn’t accelerating, there must be another force acting on the sundae to balance out the weight. This force, the force of the table pushing up on the sundae, is known as the Normal Force (FN). In physics, the normal force refers to a force perpendicular to a surface (normal in this case meaning perpendicular). The force of gravity on the sundae must exactly match the normal force on the sundae, although they are in opposite directions, therefore there is no net force on the sundae. The free body diagram for this situation would look like this:
Work and Power WS Solutions
Types of Energy
Video HW: Types of Energy
We’ve all had days where we’ve had varying amounts of energy. You’ve gotten up in the morning, had to drag yourself out of bed, force yourself to get ready to school, and once you finally get to class, you don’t have the energy to do much work. Other days, when you’ve had more energy, you may have woken up before the alarm clock, hustled to get ready for the day while a bunch of thoughts jump around in your head, and hurried on to begin your activities. Then, throughout the day, the more work you do, the more energy you lose… What’s the difference in these days?
In physics, energy is the ability or capacity to do work. And as we’ve mentioned previously, work is the process of moving an object. So, if we combine our definitions, energy is the ability or capacity to move an object. And so far this year we’ve been studying kinetic energy, or energy of motion. So… kinetic energy must be the ability or capacity of a moving object to move another object!
Mathematically, kinetic energy is calculated using the formula:
Units of energy are the same as units of work, the joule (J). By dimensional analysis, we can observe that the units of KE (kg*m2/s2) must be equal to the units of work (N*m):
Of course, there are more types of energy than just kinetic. Energy comes in a tremendous variety of forms, which we can classify as kinetic (energy of motion) or potential (stored) to various degrees: solar energy, thermal energy, gravitational potential energy, nuclear energy, chemical potential energy, sound energy, electrical energy, elastic potential energy, light energy, and so on. In all cases, energy can be transformed from one type to another, and you can transfer energy from one object to another by doing work.
Gravitational Potential Energy
Potential energy is energy an object possesses due to its position or condition. Gravitational potential energy, then, is the energy an object possesses because of its position in a gravitational field (height).
Let’s assume we have a 10 kg box on the floor. Let’s arbitrarily call its current potential energy zero, just to give us a reference point. If we do work to lift the box one meter off the floor, we need to overcome the force of gravity on the box (its weight) over a distance of one meter. Therefore, the work we do on the box can be obtained from:
So, to raise the box to a height of 1m, the must do 98.1 Joules of work on the box. The work done in lifting the box is equal to the change in potential energy of the box, so the box’s gravitational potential energy must be 98.1J.
When we performed work on the box, we transferred some of our stored energy to the box. Along the way, it just so happens that we derived the formula for the gravitational potential energy of an object. The change in the object’s potential energy, 
PE, is equal to the force of gravity on the box multiplied by its change in height, mgh. This formula can be found on the reference table:
We can use this formula to solve a variety of problems involving the potential energy of an object:
Work-Energy Theorem
Of course, there are many, many different kinds of energy which we haven’t mentioned specifically. And energy can be converted among its many different forms, such as mechanical (which is kinetic, gravitational potential, and elastic potential), electromagnetic, nuclear, and thermal (or internal) energy.
When a force does work on a system, the work done changes the system’s energy. If the work done increases motion, there is an increase in the system’s kinetic energy. If the work done increases the object’s height, there is an increase in the system’s gravitational potential energy. If the work done compresses a spring, there is an increase in the system’s elastic potential energy. If the work is done against friction, however, where does the energy go? In this case, the energy isn’t lost, but instead increases the rate at which molecules in the object vibrate, increasing the object’s temperature, or internal energy.
The understanding that the work done on a system by an external force changes the energy of the system is known as the Work-Energy Theorem. If an external force does positive work on the system, the system’s total energy increases. If, instead, the system does work, the system’s total energy decreases. Put another way, you add energy to a system by doing work on it, and take energy from a system when the system does the work (much like you add value to your bank account by making a deposit, and take value from your account by writing a check).
This relationship is documented on the Regents Physics Reference Table by showing the formula for work as equal to the force times the displacement (F*d), as well as the change in total energy (E): 
.
Sources of Energy on Earth
So where does all this energy initially come from? Here on Earth, the energy we deal with everyday ultimately comes from the sun. The sun’s radiation provides an energy source for life on earth, which over the millenia has become the source of our fossil fuels. The sun’s radiation also provides the thermal and light energy that heat the atmosphere and cause the winds to blow. The sun’s energy evaporates water, which eventually recondenses as rain and snow, falling to the Earth’s surface to create lakes and rivers, with gravitational potential energy, which we may harness in hydroelectric power plants. Just try to find an energy source on the Earth that doesn’t originate with the sun!
Constant Velocity Motion Quiz
Reminder: Castle Learning “MotionGraphs” assignment due by 11:59 p.m. 9/27.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of a Tossed Ball Lab
